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戰(zhàn)略收縮、同盟牽連與美國(guó)政策困境1

戰(zhàn)略收縮、同盟牽連與美國(guó)政策困境1

xieweiyuan 2025-03-02 百度 10 次瀏覽 0個(gè)評(píng)論
本文是國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院國(guó)家安全高精尖學(xué)科建設(shè)科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資金課題“中美安全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的第三方因素研究”(項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào):2020GA01)的階段性成果。
The White House, “The National Security Strategy of the United State of America, ” December 18, 2017, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/nss/NSS2017.pdf?ver=CnFwURrw09pJ0q5EogFpwg%3d%3d,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日;U. S.Department of Defense, “Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, ” January 19, 2018, https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2018_NDS.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日。
The White House, “The National Security Strategy of the United State of America,” October 12, 2022,p.23, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日。
自?shī)W巴馬政府至今,美國(guó)在事實(shí)上采取了戰(zhàn)略收縮政策,且戰(zhàn)略收縮趨勢(shì)不斷凸顯是當(dāng)前美國(guó)研究界的主流共識(shí)。參見(jiàn):Paul K.MacDonald and Joseph M.Parent, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol.35, No.4, 2011, pp.7-44; Paul K.MacDonald and Joseph M.Parent, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment: America Must Cut Back to Move Forward,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.90, No.6, 2011, pp.32-47; Charles A.Kupchan, “Exiting Afghanistan Will Improve America【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Global Standing in the Long Run,” Council on Foreign Relations, August 30, 2021, https://www.cfr.org/article/exiting-afghanistan-will-improve-americas-global-standing-long-run,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日;Hal Brands and Michael Beckley, “China Is a Declining Power—and That【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s the Problem,” September 24, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/24/china-great-power-united-states/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日;Minxin Pei, “The Security Consequences of Americas Focus on China,” January 11, 2022, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-security-consequences-of-americas-focus-on-china/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日;Robert D.Blackwill and Richard H.Fontaine Jr., “Ukraine War Should Slow But Not Stop the U.S.Pivot to Asia,” March 14, 2022, https://www.cfr.org/article/ukraine-war-should-slow-not-stop-us-pivot-asia,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月2日;達(dá)?。骸度蛟倨胶猓簥W巴馬政府國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略再思考》,載《外交評(píng)論》,2014年第2期,第55—77頁(yè);左希迎:《美國(guó)戰(zhàn)略收縮與亞太秩序的未來(lái)》,載《當(dāng)代亞太》,2014年第4期,第4—28頁(yè);節(jié)大磊:《現(xiàn)實(shí)主義理論與美國(guó)外交戰(zhàn)略的演變》,載《當(dāng)代美國(guó)評(píng)論》,2018年第1期,第50—69頁(yè);周方銀:《有限戰(zhàn)略收縮下的同盟關(guān)系管理:奧巴馬政府與特朗普政府的政策選擇》,載《國(guó)際政治科學(xué)》,2019年第2期,第1—34頁(yè);劉博文:《崛起國(guó)的戰(zhàn)略收縮緣何逆轉(zhuǎn)——以日本(1920—1927)和蘇聯(lián)(1953—1960)為例》,載《外交評(píng)論》,2020年第1期,第88—124頁(yè);孫興杰:《美國(guó)戰(zhàn)略收縮與中美關(guān)系演化》,載《國(guó)際問(wèn)題研究》,2021年第1期,第69—85頁(yè);肖河:《優(yōu)勢(shì)認(rèn)知下的遏制——拜登政府對(duì)華政策的性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)分析》,載《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治》,2022年第8期,第4—30頁(yè)。
The White House, “Interim National Security Strategic Guidance, ” p. 8; The White House, “National Security Strategy, ” October 2022, p. 23, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。其中,拜登版《國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略報(bào)告》明確指出,美國(guó)“將優(yōu)先考慮保持對(duì)中國(guó)的持久競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),同時(shí)約束仍然十分危險(xiǎn)的俄羅斯”。
“兩線作戰(zhàn)”不必然意味著失敗,但政治軍事歷史和理論的基本常識(shí)是,“兩線作戰(zhàn)”的失敗概率高于集中優(yōu)勢(shì)兵力和資源各個(gè)擊破的失敗概率。
外交部:《中華人民共和國(guó)和俄羅斯聯(lián)邦關(guān)于新時(shí)代國(guó)際關(guān)系和全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展的聯(lián)合聲明》,2022年2月4日,來(lái)源:https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/xws_674681/xgxw_674683/202202/t20220204_10638954.shtml,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
新華社:《習(xí)近平主席的上合組織撒馬爾罕峰會(huì)時(shí)間》,2022年9月17日,來(lái)源:http://www.news.cn/2022-09/17/c_1129009786.htm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
John J. Mearsheimer, “Getting Ukraine Wrong, ” New York Times, March 14, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/opinion/getting-ukraine-wrong.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
Zbigniew Brzezinski, “How to Address Strategic Insecurity in a Turbulent Age,” New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol.34, No.2, 2017, pp.29-35.
Rose Gottemoeller et al., “It【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Time to Rethink Our Russia Policy,” August 5, 2020, https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/its-time-rethink-our-russia-policy,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
The White House, “National Security Strategy, ” May 2010, p. 44, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/nss/NSS2010.pdf?ver=Zt7IeSPX2uNQt00_7wq6Hg%3d%3d,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Active Engagement, Modern Defense,” November 19, 2010, pp.3-4, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_68580.htm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
“Russia Is ‘A Regional Power’,Not Top Geopolitical Foe,” NBC News, March 25, 2014, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/obama-russia-regional-power-not-top-geopolitical-foe-n61601,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月3日。
張建、周琪:《奧巴馬第二任期美俄關(guān)系論析》,載《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治》,2016年第11期,第86—105頁(yè)。
《奧巴馬卸任前強(qiáng)硬制裁俄 德媒:借此施壓特朗普》,載《參考消息》,2016年12月31日,http://m.cankaoxiaoxi.com/liebao/world/20161231/1569644.shtml?s=cm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日。
The White House, “Interim National Security Strategic Guidance, ” p. 8.
“Good Relationship with Russia, China ‘Would Be Great’ for US-Trump,” January 26, 2016, https://sputniknews.com/20160126/us-russia-china-trump-1033740935.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日。
The White House, “Readout of the President【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Call with Russian President Vladimir Putin,” January 28, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/28/readout-presidents-call-russian-president-vladimir-putin,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日。
黃登學(xué):《美俄關(guān)系擬“再重啟”的邏輯、領(lǐng)域與限度》,載《當(dāng)代亞太》,2017年第6期,第84—85頁(yè);付隨鑫:《美國(guó)極右翼保守派的親俄傾向及其影響》,載《當(dāng)代美國(guó)評(píng)論》,2022年第3期,第106—125頁(yè)。
韓克敵:《特朗普的對(duì)俄政策與美俄關(guān)系的四個(gè)維度》,載《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》,2017年第4期,第62—63頁(yè)。
A·克里科維奇、Y·韋伯:《美國(guó)行為的根源——以美國(guó)對(duì)俄政策為例》,邰潔譯,載《俄羅斯研究》,2016年第2期,第32—46頁(yè)。
李秀蛟:《特朗普政府對(duì)俄羅斯的政策》,載《美國(guó)研究》,2021年第3期,第149頁(yè)。
U.S.Department of the Treasury, “Countering America【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Adversaries through Sanctions Act,” August 2, 2017, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/countering-americas-adversaries-through-sanctions-act-related-sanctions,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日。
Martin Russell, “US-Russia Relations: Reaching the Point of No Return?” European Parliamentary, October 2018, p. 7, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/628230/EPRS_BRI(2018)628230_EN.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日。
Mark N. Katz, “Can Russian-US Relations Improve?” Strategic Studies Quarterly, Vol.8, No.2, 2014, pp.129-141.
李秀蛟:《特朗普政府對(duì)俄羅斯的政策》,第126頁(yè)。
馮紹雷:《美國(guó)對(duì)俄羅斯問(wèn)題的決策爭(zhēng)議和認(rèn)知差異》,載《俄羅斯研究》,2016年第2期,第3—31頁(yè)。
Dmitry Suslov, “US-Russia Confrontation and a New Global Balance,” Strategic Analysis, Vol.40, No.6, 2016, pp.547-560.
馮紹雷:《美國(guó)對(duì)俄羅斯問(wèn)題的決策爭(zhēng)議和認(rèn)知差異》,第6頁(yè)。
黃登學(xué):《美俄關(guān)系擬“再重啟”的邏輯、領(lǐng)域與限度》,第88頁(yè)。
Ari Heistein, “More Coherence, Greater Tension: Prospects for US Policy toward Russia under Biden,” Institute for National Security Studies,Insight No.1439, February 14, 2021;李秀蛟:《特朗普政府對(duì)俄羅斯的政策》,第117頁(yè);樊吉社:《冷戰(zhàn)博弈能否終結(jié):美俄關(guān)系的發(fā)展與變數(shù)》,載《人民論壇》,2017年第6期,第45頁(yè);張建、周琪:《奧巴馬第二任期美俄關(guān)系論析》,第86—105頁(yè)。
Eugene Rumer et al., “Illusions VS Reality: Twenty-Five Years of U. S.Policy Toward Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia, ” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 23, 2017, https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/02/09/illusions-vs-reality-twenty-five-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-ukraine-and-eurasia-pub-67859,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日;Eugene Rumer and Richard Sokolsky, “Thirty Years of U. S.Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 20, 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日;陶文釗:《后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期美俄關(guān)系的三個(gè)循環(huán)》,載《和平與發(fā)展》, 2020年第4期,第9頁(yè);黃登學(xué):《美俄關(guān)系擬“再重啟”的邏輯、領(lǐng)域與限度》,第67—91頁(yè)。
Nigel Gould-Davies, “Russia, the West and Sanctions, ” Survival, Vol.62, No.1, 2020, p. 7.
馮玉軍、尚月:《美俄關(guān)系新發(fā)展與中國(guó)的政策選擇》,載《國(guó)際問(wèn)題研究》,2018年第4期,第19—33頁(yè)。
“Ukraine Crisis Will ‘Cripple’ Russia-US Relations, Envoy Warns,” Financial Times, August 28, 2017, https://www.unian.info/politics/2101791-ft-ukraine-crisis-will-cripple-russia-us-relations-envoy-warns.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月5日。
李秀蛟:《特朗普政府對(duì)俄羅斯的政策》,第141頁(yè)。
羅伯特·吉爾平著、武軍等譯:《世界政治中的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與變革》,中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社1994年版,第189—191頁(yè)。
Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, Twilight of the Titans: Great Power Decline and Retrenchment, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018, p. 1.
周方銀:《有限戰(zhàn)略收縮下的同盟關(guān)系管理:奧巴馬政府與特朗普政府的政策選擇》,第3頁(yè)。
MacDonald and Parent, Twilight of the Titans, p. 3.
學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為,2008年以來(lái)受金融危機(jī)影響,美國(guó)正經(jīng)歷一定程度的相對(duì)衰落。參見(jiàn):Richard Haass, “The Age of Nonpolarity: What Will Follow U.S.Dominance?” Foreign Affairs, Vol.87, No.3, 2008, pp.44-56;周方銀:《有限戰(zhàn)略收縮下的同盟關(guān)系管理:奧巴馬政府與特朗普政府的政策選擇》,第8頁(yè)。學(xué)者尤其是美國(guó)學(xué)者因而建議,美國(guó)須調(diào)整自己的大戰(zhàn)略,實(shí)施自我克制和戰(zhàn)略收縮。例如,Barry R.Posen, Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S.Grand Strategy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014。
新華社:《美日防衛(wèi)指針擴(kuò)大合作范圍》,2015年4月29日,來(lái)源:http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-04/29/c_127745250.htm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
韓聯(lián)社:《韓美修改導(dǎo)彈指南松綁固體火箭限制》,2020年7月28日,https://m-cn.yna.co.kr/view/ACK20200728005500881?section=search,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
Roula Khalaf and Henry Foy, “Nato to Expand Focus to Counter Rising China,” Financial Times, October 18, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/0202ed6e-62d1-44b6-a61c-8b1278fcf31b,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
傅勇:《俄美關(guān)系“重啟”的戰(zhàn)略分析與借鑒》,載《現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系》,2010年第9期,第47頁(yè)。
The White House, “Remarks by Vice President Biden at 45th Munich Conference on Security Policy,” February 7, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-vice-president-biden-45th-munich-conference-security-policy,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
The White House, “National Security Strategy 2015, ” February 2015, p. 25, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/nss/NSS2015.pdf?ver=TJJ2QfM 0McCqL-pNtKHtVQ%3d%3d,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
Congressional Research Service, “Russia: Background and U. S.Policy, ” August 2017, p. 42, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44775,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
Rex W. Tillerson, “Remarks Following Meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, ” U. S.Department of State, February 16, 2017, https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/02/267671.htm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
“The President【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s News Conference in Charlevoix, Canada,” January 9, 2018, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-charlevoix-canada,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
“The President【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s News Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam,” February 28, 2019, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-hanoi-vietnam,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
“The President【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s News Conference,” September 18, 2020, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-1263,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
Michael Mandelbaum, The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics before and after Hiroshima, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 151.
一國(guó)因擔(dān)心被盟友拋棄選擇強(qiáng)化同盟關(guān)系,但這種努力又會(huì)使得自身更容易因盟友的行為而被牽連;而如果為防止被盟友牽連,一國(guó)選擇疏遠(yuǎn)或弱化同盟關(guān)系,這種做法又會(huì)加大自己被盟友拋棄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。拋棄和牽連兩種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的這種反比關(guān)系,構(gòu)成了同盟內(nèi)部的安全兩難。參見(jiàn)Glenn Snyder, Alliance Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Glenn H. Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics, ” World Politics, Vol.36, No.4, 1984, p. 467.
James D. Fearon, “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs, ” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.41, No.1, 1997, pp.68-90; Douglas M. Gibler, “The Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation, ” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.52, No.3, 2008, pp.426-454; Mark J. C.Crescenzi et al., “Reliability, Reputation, and Alliance Formation, ” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.56, No.2, 2012, pp.259-274; Gregory D. Miller, The Shadow of the Past: Reputation and Military Alliances before the First World War, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.
Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,” pp.471-472.
Michael Mandelbaum, The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics before and after Hiroshima, pp.151-152; Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Politics, pp.183-184;蘇若林、唐世平:《相互制約:聯(lián)盟管理的核心機(jī)制》,載《當(dāng)代亞太》, 2012年第3期,第6—38頁(yè)。
周方銀:《有限戰(zhàn)略收縮下的同盟關(guān)系管理:奧巴馬政府與特朗普政府的政策選擇》,第5—6頁(yè)。
Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,” pp.471-475.
趙懿黑、鄭華:《權(quán)力變遷視角下美韓同盟關(guān)系解讀》,載《上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2020年第12期,第45—57頁(yè)。
Fearon, “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests,” pp.68-90.
Fearon, “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests,” pp.68-90.
日本共同社:《拜登表示釣魚(yú)島為日美安保條約第五條適用對(duì)象》,2020年11月12日,來(lái)源:https://china.kyodonews.net/news/2020/11/5e2ff62f7f6c.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月10日。
韓聯(lián)社:《韓美首腦商定維持包括部署薩德在內(nèi)的對(duì)朝威懾力》,2016年9月6日,來(lái)源:https://m-cn.yna.co.kr/view/ACK20160906005700881?section=search,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日;韓聯(lián)社:《韓防長(zhǎng):韓美商定加強(qiáng)對(duì)朝延伸威懾合作》,2017年10月28日,來(lái)源:https://m-cn.yna.co.kr/view/ACK20171028000100881?section=search,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日;韓聯(lián)社:《韓防長(zhǎng)會(huì)見(jiàn)美戰(zhàn)略司令 美重申延伸威懾承諾》,2021年7月14日,來(lái)源:https://m-cn.yna.co.kr/view/ACK20210714003000881?section=search,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
Brett Ashley Leeds, “Alliance Reliability in Times of War: Explaining State Decisions to Violate Treaties, ” International Organization, Vol.57, No.4, 2003, p. 808.
有關(guān)國(guó)家在戰(zhàn)略互動(dòng)中通過(guò)信號(hào)傳遞來(lái)塑造自身形象的研究,可參見(jiàn)Robert Jervis, The Logic of Images in International Relations, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970。有關(guān)聲譽(yù)信號(hào)的專(zhuān)門(mén)研究,參見(jiàn)Mark J.C.Crescenzi et al., “Reliability, Reputation, and Alliance Formation,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.56, No.2, 2012, pp.259-274; Shiping Tang, “Reputation, Cult of Reputation, and International Conflict,” Security Studies, Vol.14, No.1, 2005, pp.37-38.
Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics, ” p. 467.
例如,肯尼斯·華爾茲根據(jù)這種邏輯認(rèn)為,兩極體系下的大國(guó)比多極體系下的大國(guó)更不容易被牽連。Kenneth N.Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979, pp.167-170.
James D. Morrow, “Alliances and Asymmetry: An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model for Alliances, ” American Journal of Political Science, Vol.35, No.4, 1991, pp.906-907.
Christopher Gelpi, “Alliances as Instruments of Intra-Allied Control, ” in Helga Haftendorn et al., eds., Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.107-139; Patricia A. Weitsman, Dangerous Alliances: Proponents of Peace, Weapons of War, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004; Jeremy Pressman, Warring Friends: Alliance Restraint in International Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008; Victor D. Cha, “Powerplay: Origins of the U. S.Alliance System in Asia, ” International Security, Vol.34, No.3, 2010, pp.158-196; James D. Morrow, “Arms versus Allies: Tradeoffs in the Search for Security, ” International Organization, Vol.47, No.2, 1993, pp.207-233; Tongfi Kim, The Supply Side of Security: A Market Theory of Military Alliances, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016;楊原:《大國(guó)無(wú)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)代的大國(guó)權(quán)力競(jìng)爭(zhēng):行為原理與互動(dòng)機(jī)制》,中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社2017年版,第3章。
具體參見(jiàn):https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/。
Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966, pp.124-125; Michael Beckley, “The Myth of Entangling Alliances: Reassessing the Security Risks of U. S.Defense Pacts, ” International Security, Vol.39, No.4, 2015, pp.14-17.
Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder, eds., Dominos and Bandwagons: Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
戰(zhàn)略第三方既可以是有助于霸權(quán)國(guó)維持其霸權(quán)秩序的“關(guān)鍵”國(guó)家(lynchpin state),也可以是對(duì)地區(qū)安全形勢(shì)有關(guān)鍵性影響的“樞紐”國(guó)家(pivotal state)。它既可能扮演準(zhǔn)盟國(guó)角色,又可能成為大國(guó)戰(zhàn)略動(dòng)員和成本分擔(dān)的對(duì)象。參見(jiàn)Michael Mastanduno, “Partner Politics: Russia, China, and the Challenge of Extending US Hegemony after the Cold War,” Security Studies, Vol.28, No.3, 2019, pp.484-486; Robert Chase et al., The Pivotal States: A New Framework for U.S.Policy in the Developing World, New York: W.W.Norton, 2000;曹瑋:《中美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下的戰(zhàn)略第三方選擇:基于海量事件數(shù)據(jù)的中美印、中美俄、中美歐VAR模型分析》,載《當(dāng)代亞太》,2021年第5期,第39—74頁(yè);劉博文:《戰(zhàn)略收縮時(shí)期大國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的印象管理》,載《國(guó)際政治科學(xué)》,2022年第1期,第53頁(yè)。
高程:《烏克蘭危機(jī)陰影下的大國(guó)關(guān)系》,載《文化縱橫》,2015年第2期,第92—97頁(yè)。
中新網(wǎng):《歐盟與前蘇聯(lián)六個(gè)加盟國(guó)締結(jié)“東部伙伴關(guān)系”》,2009年5月8日,來(lái)源:https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gj/oz/news/009/05-08/1682774.shtml,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
焦一強(qiáng)、朱艷:《“選擇性互動(dòng)”與烏克蘭危機(jī)以來(lái)德俄關(guān)系回暖評(píng)析》,載《俄羅斯研究》,2021年第5期,第111—139頁(yè)。
The Federal Government, “White Paper 2016 on German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr,” July 13, 2016, https://issat.dcaf.ch/download/111704/2027268/2016%20White%20Paper.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
托馬斯·格雷厄姆:《新時(shí)代的俄美關(guān)系》,胡冰譯,載《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》,2018年第5期,第44頁(yè)。
需要說(shuō)明的是,已有研究雖然提到烏克蘭危機(jī)對(duì)于美對(duì)俄政策的影響,但絕大多數(shù)研究都是僅將烏克蘭問(wèn)題作為某一時(shí)期的重要危機(jī)事件,從特殊性而非一般性的角度來(lái)解釋它對(duì)于美對(duì)俄政策的影響,并未進(jìn)一步探究事件背后的美對(duì)俄政策的邏輯機(jī)制。極少數(shù)研究成果提及美對(duì)俄政策背后的同盟考量,但未進(jìn)行深入系統(tǒng)的實(shí)證研究。相關(guān)研究成果參見(jiàn)周琪:《美國(guó)再平衡戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施及新挑戰(zhàn)》,載鄭秉文、黃平主編:《美國(guó)藍(lán)皮書(shū):美國(guó)研究報(bào)告(2015)》,社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社2015年版,第39頁(yè);韓克敵:《特朗普的對(duì)俄政策與美俄關(guān)系的四個(gè)維度》,第663頁(yè)。
U.S.Department of Defense, “Sustaining U. S.Global Leadership: Priorities for 21ST Century Defense, ” January 2012, p. 3, https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/defense_strategic_guidance.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
The White House, “President Obama【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s 2013 State of the Union,” February 13, 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/02/13/president-obamas-2013-state-union,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
人民網(wǎng):《波蘭稱(chēng)俄在烏舉動(dòng)使其也感受到威脅》,2014年3月2日,來(lái)源:http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0302/c1002-24505560.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
新華網(wǎng):《德法呼吁烏克蘭國(guó)內(nèi)各方進(jìn)行對(duì)話(huà)》,2014年5月10日,來(lái)源:http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/10/c_126484862.htm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
“Merkel and Poland【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Tusk Vow Help for Ukraine, Warn Russia,” DW News, March 12, 2014, https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-and-polands-tusk-vow-help-for-ukraine-warn-russia/a-17492746,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
《北大西洋公約》第五條規(guī)定:成員國(guó)中的一國(guó)(或者多國(guó))遭受到武裝襲擊將會(huì)被視為對(duì)所有成員國(guó)的武裝襲擊,所有成員國(guó)將立即援助被襲擊國(guó)家。
The White House, “National Security Strategy 2015, ” Washington, D. C., February 2015, p. 25, https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/nss/NSS2015.pdf?ver=TJJ2QfM0McCqL-pNtKHtVQ%3d%3d,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
The White House, “Remarks on the Situation in Ukraine,” March 6, 2014,https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-situation-ukraine-2,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
The White House, “Remarks on the Situation in Ukraine,” March 20, 2014,https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-situation-ukraine-0,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
Ivan Gutterman and Wojtek Grojec, “A Timeline of All Russia-Related Sanctions,” September 19, 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sanctions-timeline/29477179.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
Ivan Gutterman and Wojtek Grojec, “A Timeline of All Russia-Related Sanctions,” September 19, 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-sanctions-timeline/29477179.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
“Exercise Rapid Trident 2015 begins in Ukraine, U. S.Army Europe Public Affairs, ” July 21, 2015, https://www.army.mil/article/152586/exercise_rapid_trident_2015_begins_in_ukraine,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
Carlo Angerer, “Huge NATO Drills in Poland Prepare West for Possible Conflict With Russia,” June 18, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/huge-nato-drills-poland-prepare-west-possible-conflict-russia-n593456,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
新華社:《北約啟動(dòng)“冷戰(zhàn)”結(jié)束以來(lái)最大規(guī)模軍事演習(xí)》,2018年10月26日,來(lái)源:http://m.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-10/26/c_129979385.htm,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
“Russia not Target in US army【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Massive Europe Deployment: NATO,” February 3, 2020, https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/russia-not-target-in-us-armys-massive-europe-deployment-nato/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
“US Announces New Tank and Artillery Deployment in Europe,” BBC News, June 23, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33238004,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
“US ‘to Quadruple Defence Budget for Europe’,” BBC News, February 2, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-35476180,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
“US to Increase Military Presence in Eastern Europe,” BBC News, March 30, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35930130,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson, “U.S.Enlarges Its Military Footprint in Eastern Europe, To Mixed Reviews,” NPR News, May 18, 2016, https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/05/18/478414178/u-s-enlarges-its-military-footprint-in-eastern-europe-to-mixed-reviews,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
“US and Poland Strike $10.5 Billion Missile Defense Deal,” DW News, November 18, 2017, https://www.dw.com/en/us-and-poland-strike-105-billion-missile-defense-deal/a-41433719,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
Andrew Tilghman, “More U. S.Troops Deploying to Europe in 2017, ” Military Times, February 3, 2016, https://www.militarytimes.com/2016/02/02/more-u-s-troops-deploying-to-europe-in-2017/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
Paul Belkin, “NATO【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Warsaw Summit: In Brief, ” Congressional Research Service, November 14, 2016, p. 1, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44550.pdf,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
Laura Smith-Spark and Atika Shubert, “Poland Welcomes Thousands of US Troops in NATO Show of Force,” CNN, January 14, 2017, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/14/europe/poland-us-troops-nato-welcome/index.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月12日。
Ed Adamczyk, “U.S.Military Announces Largest Deployment to Europe in 25 Years for 2020 Exercises,” UPI News, December 9, 2019, https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2019/10/09/US-military-announces-largest-deployment-to-Europe-in-25-years-for-2020-exercises/7921570646687/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
Howard Altman and Joe Gould, “Trump Approves Pentagon Plan to Pull 9,500 US troops from Germany,” July 1, 2020, https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/06/30/trump-approves-pentagon-plan-to-pull-9500-us-troops-from-germany/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
張?。骸稙蹩颂m危機(jī)背景下北約轉(zhuǎn)型前景》,載《現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系》,2014年第5期,第12、15頁(yè)。
Adam Entous, “Obama Administration Turns down Request from Ukraine for Weapons and Ammunition,” Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2014, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/obama-administration-turns-down-request-from-ukraine-for-weapons-and-ammunition/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
Oren Dorell, “White House Rebuffs Ukraine Appeal for Weapons,” USA TODAY, September 18, 2014, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/09/18/ukraine-poroshenko-speaks-to-congress/15819211/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
“President of Ukraine Tells CNN【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Wolf Blitzer that U. S.Has Refused Ukraine【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Request for Weapons, ” CNN, September 18, 2014, https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/18/president-of-ukraine-tells-cnns-wolf-blitzer-that-u-s-has-refused-ukraines-request-for-weapons/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
“Won【-邏*輯*與-】apos;t Arm Ukraine until Peace Process Finishes, Obama Says after Meeting with Angela Merkel,” National Post, February 10, 2015, https://nationalpost.com/news/world/wont-arm-ukraine-until-peace-process-finishes-obama-says-after-meeting-with-merkel,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
The White House, “Briefing by Press Secretary Josh Earnest on G-7 Summit,” June 7, 2015, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/07/briefing-press-secretary-josh-earnest-g-7-summit,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
The White House, “Fact Sheet: United States Imposes First Tranche of Swift and Severe Costs on Russia,” February 22, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/22/fact-sheet-united-states-imposes-first-tranche-of-swift-and-severe-costs-on-russia/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
The White House, “Statement by President Biden on Nord Stream 2,” February 23, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/23/statement-by-president-biden-on-nord-stream-2/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月15日。
The White House, “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki,” February 23, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/02/23/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-february-23-2022/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
The White House, “Statement by President Biden on Russia【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine,” February 23, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/23/statement-by-president-biden-on-russias-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-on-ukraine/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
The White House, “FACT SHEET: United States Takes Further Actions to Counter Sanctions Evasion by Russia,” February 2, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/02/fact-sheet-united-states-takes-further-actions-to-counter-sanctions-evasion-by-russia/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
The White House, “Fact Sheet: United States, European Union, and G7 to Announce Further Economic Costs on Russia,” March 11, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/11/fact-sheet-united-states-european-union-and-g7-to-announce-further-economic-costs-on-russia/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
The White House, “FACT SHEET: United States and Allies and Partners Impose Additional Costs on Russia,” March 24, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/24/fact-sheet-united-states-and-allies-and-partners-impose-additional-costs-on-russia/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
Poland Ministry of National Defense, “Exercises Defender Europe 2022 and Swift Response 2022 Begin,” May 1, 2022, https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/exercises-defender-europe-2022-and-swift-response-2022-begin,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Five NATO Aircraft Carriers Hold Drills in Major Naval Deployment,” November 18, 2022, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_209232.htm?selectedLocale=en,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
“NATO Exercises in Poland Near Borders with Belarus and Russia,” Insight News, November 26, 2022, https://insightnews.media/nato-exercises-in-poland-near-borders-with-belarus-and-russia/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
Natasha Bertrand et al., “US Troops to Deploy to Eastern Europe amid Ukraine Crisis,” CNN, February 3, 2022, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/02/politics/us-troops-europe-russia/index.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
The White House, “Remarks by President Biden on Russia【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine,” February 24, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/24/remarks-by-president-biden-on-russias-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-on-ukraine/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
John Vandiver, “US has 100,000 Troops in Europe for First Time since 2005, Stars and Stripes,” March 15, 2022, https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-03-15/us-forces-record-high-europe-war-ukraine-5350187.html,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
Steve Holland and Mike Stone, “Biden Approves $350 Million in Military Aid for Ukraine,” Reuters, February 27, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-approves-350-million-military-aid-ukraine-2022-02-26/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
U.S.Department of Defense, “Fact Sheet on U. S.Security Assistance for Ukraine, ” May 10, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3027295/fact-sheet-on-us-security-assistance-for-ukraine/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
Mike DeBonis and Dan Lamothe, “U.S.Deepens Ukraine Commitment with $40 Billion in Aid and Expanded NATO,” The Washington Post, May 19, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/19/ukraine-aid-senate/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月18日。
U.S.Department of Defense, “Biden Signs Lend-Lease Act to Supply More Security Assistance to Ukraine,” May 9, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3025302/biden-signs-lend-lease-act-to-supply-more-security-assistance-to-ukraine/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
U.S.Department of Defense, “Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine,” February 3, 2023, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3287992/biden-administration-announces-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
焦一強(qiáng)、朱艷:《“選擇性互動(dòng)”與烏克蘭危機(jī)以來(lái)德俄關(guān)系回暖評(píng)析》,第129頁(yè)。
“Fernsehansprache von Bundeskanzler Scholz anl?sslich des russischen überfalls auf die Ukraine,” February 24, 2022, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/suche/fernsehansprache-von-bundeskanzler-scholz-anlaesslich-des-russischen-ueberfalls-auf-die-ukraine-2007824,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
Prime Minister【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Office, “PM Call with President Zelenskyy of Ukraine,” February 21, 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-president-zelenskyy-of-ukraine-21-february-2022,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
The German Government, “Das ist Putins Krieg,” February 27, 2022, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/suche/bundesregierung-ukraine-krieg-russland-2007430,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
The British Government, “Russia【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Ongoing War of Aggression against Ukraine: UK Statement to the OSCE,” March 16, 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/russias-ongoing-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-uk-osce-statement-16-march-2022,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
“Zelensky Urges France, Germany to be ‘Game Changers’ by Sending Modern Planes,” Reuters, February 9, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/zelenskiy-urges-france-germany-to-be-gam-idUSKBN2UG1X3,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
The White House, “Remarks by President Biden on Russia【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine,” February 24.2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/24/remarks-by-president-biden-on-russias-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-on-ukraine/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
The White House, “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki,” February 28, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/02/28/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-february-28-2022/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月20日。
王鴻剛:《亞太變局中的中美俄三邊合作》,載中國(guó)現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系研究院美國(guó)研究所編:《中美亞太共處之道:中國(guó)、美國(guó)與第三方》,時(shí)事出版社2013年版,第261頁(yè);李興:《試析當(dāng)今中俄美三角關(guān)系的若干特點(diǎn)》,載《東北亞論壇》,2014年第1期,第11—18頁(yè);李靜杰:《中俄戰(zhàn)略協(xié)作和中美俄“三角關(guān)系”》,載《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》,2014年第4期,第42—48頁(yè)。
曹瑋:《中美戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下的戰(zhàn)略第三方選擇:基于海量事件數(shù)據(jù)的中美印、中美俄、中美歐VAR模型分析》,第39—74頁(yè)。
Dmitry Trenin, “The Impact of Sino-American Rivalry on Russia【-邏*輯*與-】apos;s Relations With China, ” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 18, 2021, https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/85580,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月22日;Vu Le Thai Hoang and Huy Nguyen, “The Modern China-Russia-US Triangle: Why We Can【-邏*輯*與-】apos;t Expect a Stable ‘Two vs One’ Dynamic This Time Around, ” The Diplomat, June 4, 2021, https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/the-modern-china-russia-us-triangle/,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月22日;Christopher Marsh and Lowell Dittmer, “The Russian Factor in U. S.-China Relations, ” in Suisheng Zhao ed., China and The United States: Cooperation and Competition in Northeast Asia, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp.123-142; Zbigniew Brzezinski, “How to Address Strategic Insecurity in a Turbulent Age, ” The World Post, January 3, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/us-china-russia-relations_b_586955dbe4b0de3a08f8e3e0,訪問(wèn)時(shí)間:2023年1月22日;畢洪業(yè):《“戰(zhàn)略三角”還是“三邊互動(dòng)”:新時(shí)代的中美俄關(guān)系》,載《國(guó)際觀察》, 2022年第3期,第127—156頁(yè);韓璐、劉飛濤:《大變局下中美俄大國(guó)關(guān)系互動(dòng)探析》,載《和平與發(fā)展》, 2021年第4期,第26—46頁(yè)。
Kurt M. Campbell, “The end of alliances? Not so Fast, ” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.27, No.2, 2004, pp.151-163; Michael Lind, “Beyond American Hegemony, ” The National Interest, May/June 2007, No.89, pp.9-15; Matteo Dian and Hugo Meijer, “Networking Hegemony: Alliance Dynamics in East Asia, ” International Politics, No.57, 2020, pp.131-149; Michael Wesley, “Global Allies in a Changing World, ” in Michael Wesley ed., Global Allies: Comparing US Alliances in the 21st Century, Canberra: ANU Press, 2017, pp.1-14;倪峰:《霸權(quán)穩(wěn)定模式與東亞地區(qū)政治安全秩序》,載《當(dāng)代亞太》, 2002年第7期,第10—17頁(yè);吳征宇:《霸權(quán)、同盟及其對(duì)中國(guó)的啟示》,載《當(dāng)代世界與社會(huì)主義》, 2008年第4期,第88—90頁(yè)。
與拜登政府相比,前任特朗普政府相對(duì)輕視同盟在美國(guó)對(duì)外戰(zhàn)略中的作用,根據(jù)同盟理論,這種情況下美國(guó)受盟友牽連的可能性也較低。但降低牽連風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的代價(jià)是,特朗普政府時(shí)期美國(guó)與其盟友關(guān)系普遍緊張(2019年11月法國(guó)總統(tǒng)馬克龍公開(kāi)批評(píng)北約正走向“腦死亡”),而中國(guó)與美國(guó)盟友關(guān)系發(fā)展迅速(2020年12月中歐如期完成中歐投資協(xié)定談判)。該事實(shí)從反面證明了戰(zhàn)略收縮意圖與同盟外交之間的矛盾:貫徹戰(zhàn)略收縮意圖將導(dǎo)致與盟友關(guān)系的疏遠(yuǎn)和自身國(guó)際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的削弱。
近期美國(guó)與其亞太盟友的安全防務(wù)合作不斷強(qiáng)化,同時(shí)美國(guó)的歐洲盟國(guó)也在更加頻繁地介入“印太”/亞太安全事務(wù)。從表面上看,美國(guó)即使受俄烏沖突牽連無(wú)法進(jìn)行充分戰(zhàn)略收縮,也依然可以對(duì)中國(guó)持續(xù)施加壓力。但問(wèn)題是,無(wú)論是否受到同盟牽連,美國(guó)都有動(dòng)機(jī)聯(lián)合盟友打壓中國(guó)。當(dāng)美國(guó)未受牽連因而無(wú)需向東歐投入戰(zhàn)略和軍事資源,并且無(wú)需與另一個(gè)政治軍事大國(guó)打代理人戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(甚至反而還有可能聯(lián)合該大國(guó)共同孤立中國(guó))時(shí),中國(guó)所承受的來(lái)自美國(guó)的遏制壓力顯然更大;而當(dāng)美國(guó)因同盟牽連而不得不向東歐不斷輸送資源,并且不得不與俄羅斯間接作戰(zhàn)時(shí),中國(guó)所承受的壓力無(wú)疑更小。

戰(zhàn)略收縮、同盟牽連與美國(guó)政策困境1

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